Thyroid Disease and Pregnancy: What You Need to Know – Dr Moxit Shah endocrinologistinahmedabad.com

Thyroid disease is a critical health concern during pregnancy, affecting both the mother and baby if left unmanaged. The thyroid gland plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, energy levels, and overall bodily functions. Pregnancy puts additional strain on the thyroid, leading to potential complications if hormone levels are not properly balanced.

Two primary thyroid disorders can occur during pregnancy—hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). Hypothyroidism results from low thyroid hormone production, causing symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, depression, and sensitivity to cold. The most common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune condition. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, occurs when the thyroid produces excess hormones, leading to rapid heart rate, weight loss, nervousness, and tremors. The primary cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, another autoimmune disorder.

Thyroid disease in pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage, preterm birth, low birth weight, developmental delays, and preeclampsia. Since thyroid hormones are essential for fetal brain development, an imbalance can negatively impact the baby’s cognitive and physical growth.

Causes and Risk Factors
Several factors contribute to thyroid problems during pregnancy, including:

Autoimmune disorders like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease

Iodine deficiency, which disrupts normal thyroid function

A family history of thyroid disease

Previous thyroid disorders or thyroid surgery

Certain medications and radiation therapy

Symptoms of Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy
Recognizing thyroid disease symptoms is crucial for early intervention. Common signs include:

Sudden weight gain or loss

Swelling in the neck (goiter)

Irregular heart rate

Extreme fatigue or nervousness

Sensitivity to heat or cold

Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosing thyroid disease during pregnancy involves blood tests measuring TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone), Free T3, and Free T4 levels. Early detection is essential to prevent complications.

Treatment options include:

Hypothyroidism treatment: Levothyroxine, a synthetic thyroid hormone, helps maintain proper hormone levels.

Hyperthyroidism treatment: Antithyroid medications control excessive hormone production, with dosage adjustments for pregnancy safety.

Managing Thyroid Health During Pregnancy
Proper thyroid management ensures a healthy pregnancy. Key steps include:

Regular thyroid function tests and monitoring

Eating a balanced diet rich in iodine and selenium (found in dairy, seafood, and eggs)

Managing stress through meditation, deep breathing, and yoga

Consulting an endocrinologist for tailored treatment

If you experience severe fatigue, rapid weight changes, palpitations, or mood swings, seek medical help immediately. Early diagnosis and proper management of thyroid disease during pregnancy can improve outcomes for both mother and baby.